Randomized controlled trials evaluating adult patients receiving hemodialysis were included. We searched the EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases until 8 August 2021. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effects of these supplementations on circulatory uremic toxins, biomarkers of inflammation, and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients. The dysbiosis of gut microbiota may cause many complications in patients with end-stage renal disease, which may be alleviated by probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation.
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